{"id":8592,"date":"2026-08-21T09:11:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T09:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/english-relative-clauses-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-08-21T09:11:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T09:11:20","slug":"english-relative-clauses-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/ja\/english-relative-clauses-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"English Relative Clauses: Who, Which &#038; That Explained | \u82f1\u6587\u95dc\u4fc2\u5b50\u53e5\u5b8c\u6574\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #2c7be5;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;\">\n<strong>Quick Answer:<\/strong> English relative clauses join two ideas into one sentence using relative pronouns \u2014 <em>who, which, that, whose, where,<\/em> and <em>when<\/em>. Use <em>who<\/em> for people, <em>which<\/em> for things, and <em>that<\/em> for either in restrictive clauses. Clauses that narrow meaning need no commas; clauses that add extra detail always use commas. Master this one structure and your writing quality will improve immediately.\n<\/div>\n<p>Most Taiwan English learners handle simple sentences with no trouble. The real gap shows up when sentences need to flow together \u2014 when one idea must describe or define another. That is the job of relative clauses, and writers who use them well sound dramatically more precise and natural. This guide covers everything: the five key pronouns, the comma rules, the THAT vs. WHICH decision, and the errors Taiwan learners make most often.<\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0;\">\n<iframe style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eFmfoeTkhH0\" title=\"Relative Clauses (Defining &amp; Non-Defining) | EasyTeaching\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What Is an English Relative Clause? [\u95dc\u4fc2\u5b50\u53e5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5]<\/h2>\n<p>A relative clause is a group of words that follows a noun and adds information about it. It always starts with a relative pronoun and functions like an adjective inside a larger sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the difference in practice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Without a relative clause: <em>The teacher is helpful.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>With a relative clause: <em>The teacher <strong>who helped me pass TOEIC<\/strong> is now retired.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The relative clause &#8220;who helped me pass TOEIC&#8221; tells you exactly <em>which<\/em> teacher. Without it, the sentence is vague. With it, you have packed two ideas into one. That efficiency is why relative clauses appear so frequently in academic, business, and everyday English \u2014 and why the TOEIC Reading section tests them repeatedly. Every relative clause contains a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. It depends on the main clause to give it meaning \u2014 in grammar terms, this makes it a <em>dependent clause<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/english-learning-grammar-motivation.jpg\" alt=\"English learning grammar study \u2014 who which that relative pronouns\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Consistent study habits build the pattern recognition needed to use relative clauses naturally.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>The 5 Relative Pronouns You Need [5\u500b\u5fc5\u5b78\u95dc\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e]<\/h2>\n<p>English has five main relative pronouns, each with a specific role. Learning which one to use \u2014 and why \u2014 removes most confusion instantly.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#2c7be5;color:#fff;\">\n<th style=\"padding:10px 14px;text-align:left;\">Pronoun<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:10px 14px;text-align:left;\">Used for<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:10px 14px;text-align:left;\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><strong>who<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\">People (subject)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><em>The student <strong>who<\/strong> scored 900 on TOEIC won a scholarship.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><strong>whom<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\">People (object, formal)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><em>The manager <strong>whom<\/strong> I called yesterday was very helpful.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><strong>which<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\">Things \/ animals<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><em>The temple, <strong>which<\/strong> was built in 1870, attracts thousands of visitors.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><strong>that<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\">People or things (restrictive only)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><em>The train <strong>that<\/strong> goes to Tainan leaves at 9 AM.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><strong>whose<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\">Possession (people or things)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><em>The company <strong>whose<\/strong> CEO was featured in Forbes is now hiring.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f8f9fa;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><strong>where \/ when<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\">Places \/ times<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px 14px;\"><em>I still remember the night market <strong>where<\/strong> we first met.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>A quick memory trick for <em>where<\/em> and <em>when<\/em>: if your relative clause modifies a place noun (city, building, country, market), use <em>where<\/em>. If it modifies a time noun (day, year, moment, season), use <em>when<\/em>. Neither of these takes a comma in restrictive use \u2014 but both can appear in non-restrictive clauses when you are adding bonus information about an already-identified place or time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/english-grammar-study-book-laptop.jpg\" alt=\"English grammar study with book \u2014 relative clauses ESL Taiwan\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Grammar reference books remain one of the fastest ways to build confidence with structures like relative clauses.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive Clauses [\u9650\u5b9a\u8207\u975e\u9650\u5b9a\u95dc\u4fc2\u5b50\u53e5]<\/h2>\n<p>This is the distinction that trips up even advanced learners, and it comes down to one question: <em>Is this information essential to the meaning, or just extra detail?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Restrictive clauses<\/strong> (defining clauses) narrow down which specific noun you mean. Remove them and the sentence becomes too vague or loses its point entirely. No commas:<\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"border-left:4px solid #2c7be5;padding:10px 16px;margin:16px 0;background:#f8f9fa;font-style:italic;\"><p>\nThe HSR train <strong>that stops at Taoyuan<\/strong> is faster than the local service.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Take out &#8220;that stops at Taoyuan&#8221; and you no longer know which train. The clause is essential \u2014 no commas, because it is defining which subject you mean.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Non-restrictive clauses<\/strong> (non-defining clauses) add bonus information about a noun you have already fully identified. Remove them and the sentence still makes complete sense. Commas required:<\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"border-left:4px solid #28a745;padding:10px 16px;margin:16px 0;background:#f0faf2;font-style:italic;\"><p>\nThe HSR, <strong>which opened in 2007<\/strong>, is now used by over 60 million passengers per year. (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Take out &#8220;which opened in 2007&#8221; \u2014 the sentence works perfectly without it. Bonus detail means commas on both sides of the clause. The comma rule is not optional in formal English. On TOEIC Part 5, this comma distinction often separates the correct answer from the wrong one.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/relative-clauses-english-reference-books.jpg\" alt=\"Relative clauses English reference books \u2014 grammar guide\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Recognizing restrictive and non-restrictive clauses is a key skill for TOEIC Part 5 and academic writing.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>THAT vs. WHICH: The One Decision That Fixes Most Errors [THAT \u548c WHICH \u600e\u9ebc\u9078\uff1f]<\/h2>\n<p>Using <em>which<\/em> where <em>that<\/em> belongs \u2014 or vice versa \u2014 accounts for a large portion of relative clause mistakes. The rule is simple once you have the restrictive\/non-restrictive framework:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>THAT<\/strong> \u2192 restrictive clauses only (no comma before it)<\/li>\n<li><strong>WHICH<\/strong> \u2192 non-restrictive clauses only (always preceded by a comma)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you can place a comma before your relative clause without changing the meaning, use <em>which<\/em>. If you cannot, use <em>that<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&#10060; Wrong: <em>The report, <strong>that<\/strong> I submitted yesterday, has an error.<\/em><br \/>\n&#10003; Correct: <em>The report, <strong>which<\/strong> I submitted yesterday, has an error.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#10060; Wrong: <em>The exam <strong>which<\/strong> is on Friday requires advance registration.<\/em><br \/>\n&#10003; Correct: <em>The exam <strong>that<\/strong> is on Friday requires advance registration.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Informal American English often blurs this rule \u2014 you will see <em>that<\/em> in both positions in social media and casual speech. In formal writing \u2014 business emails, TOEIC tasks, academic essays \u2014 the distinction signals grammatical precision. It is one of the clearest markers between intermediate and advanced English production.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/english-grammar-writing-practice.jpg\" alt=\"English grammar writing practice \u2014 THAT vs WHICH relative clauses\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Choosing between THAT and WHICH is one of the highest-impact grammar decisions in formal English writing.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>WHO vs. WHOM \u2014 When Does It Matter? [WHO \u9084\u662f WHOM \u54ea\u500b\u5c0d\uff1f]<\/h2>\n<p>Formal English requires <em>whom<\/em> when the person in the relative clause is the object of a verb or preposition \u2014 they receive an action rather than perform one. In everyday conversation, <em>who<\/em> has largely taken over both roles. But <em>whom<\/em> still appears in business correspondence, legal documents, and TOEIC answer choices.<\/p>\n<p>The fastest test: substitute <em>he\/she<\/em> or <em>him\/her<\/em> inside the clause. If <em>him<\/em> fits, use <em>whom<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em>The client __ I spoke with was satisfied.<\/em><br \/>\n&#8594; &quot;I spoke with <strong>him<\/strong>&quot; &#8594; use <strong>whom<\/strong><br \/>\n&#10003; <em>The client <strong>whom<\/strong> I spoke with was satisfied.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The colleague __ sent the file made a mistake.<\/em><br \/>\n&#8594; &quot;<strong>He<\/strong> sent the file&quot; &#8594; use <strong>who<\/strong><br \/>\n&#10003; <em>The colleague <strong>who<\/strong> sent the file made a mistake.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>If formal <em>whom<\/em> feels unnatural in context, restructuring without any relative pronoun is also correct and sounds clean: <em>&#8220;The client I spoke with&#8221;<\/em> drops the pronoun entirely, which works in both formal and informal writing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/relative-pronouns-study-notes.jpg\" alt=\"Relative pronouns study notes \u2014 WHO vs WHOM English grammar\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Relative pronouns appear in every professional English context \u2014 mastering them pays off in TOEIC and workplace writing.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>5 Mistakes Taiwan Learners Make Most Often [\u53f0\u7063\u5b78\u751f\u6700\u5e38\u72af\u76845\u500b\u932f\u8aa4]<\/h2>\n<p>After years of teaching English in Taiwan, these five errors come up most consistently in student writing and speaking \u2014 and all of them are straightforward to fix once you know the rule behind them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. The double subject<\/strong><br \/>\nChinese relative clause structure sometimes leads learners to repeat the subject inside the English clause:<\/p>\n<p>&#10060; <em>The woman <strong>who she<\/strong> lives next door is a nurse.<\/em><br \/>\n&#10003; <em>The woman <strong>who<\/strong> lives next door is a nurse.<\/em><br \/>\nThe relative pronoun replaces the subject. One subject only.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Using WHICH for people<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Which<\/em> is never used for people in standard English:<\/p>\n<p>&#10060; <em>The student <strong>which<\/strong> passed the exam is from Tainan.<\/em><br \/>\n&#10003; <em>The student <strong>who<\/strong> passed the exam is from Tainan.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Missing commas in non-restrictive clauses<\/strong><br \/>\nIf you are adding extra information, commas change the grammatical meaning \u2014 they are not decorative:<\/p>\n<p>&#10060; <em>My boss <strong>who<\/strong> grew up in Kaohsiung retired last year.<\/em> (implies you have multiple bosses)<br \/>\n&#10003; <em>My boss<strong>,<\/strong> who grew up in Kaohsiung<strong>,<\/strong> retired last year.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Using THAT after a comma<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>That<\/em> is never correct in non-restrictive clauses. After a comma, always use <em>which<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p>&#10060; <em>Taiwan, <strong>that<\/strong> is an island in East Asia, has 23 million residents.<\/em><br \/>\n&#10003; <em>Taiwan, <strong>which<\/strong> is an island in East Asia, has 23 million residents.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Forgetting WHERE and WHEN<\/strong><br \/>\nUsing <em>which<\/em> where <em>where<\/em> or <em>when<\/em> should go is a common substitution:<\/p>\n<p>&#10060; <em>The city <strong>which<\/strong> I was born is Hsinchu.<\/em><br \/>\n&#10003; <em>The city <strong>where<\/strong> I was born is Hsinchu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/english-classroom-grammar-lesson.jpg\" alt=\"English classroom grammar lesson \u2014 relative clauses teaching Taiwan\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Identifying and correcting errors is how grammar knowledge becomes grammar instinct.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Relative Clauses in TOEIC and Business Writing [TOEIC \u8207\u8077\u5834\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u7528]<\/h2>\n<p>The TOEIC Reading section tests relative pronouns directly in Part 5 (incomplete sentences) and Part 6 (text completion). The correct answer often depends on whether the clause is restrictive or non-restrictive \u2014 which is why understanding the comma rule is actually a test-taking skill, not just grammar theory. Knowing the rule eliminates two or three wrong choices instantly and shaves seconds off your decision time.<\/p>\n<p>In business writing, relative clauses let you deliver dense information efficiently. Instead of writing two separate sentences, you pack context and fact into one:<\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"border-left:4px solid #2c7be5;padding:10px 16px;margin:16px 0;background:#f8f9fa;font-style:italic;\"><p>\nWe have partnered with a consulting firm <strong>that specializes in Taiwan market entry<\/strong> to support the expansion.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This reads cleaner than two sentences and signals more confident writing. The <a href=\"https:\/\/learnenglish.britishcouncil.org\/grammar\/english-grammar-reference\/relative-clauses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British Council&#8217;s grammar reference<\/a> notes that relative clauses appear in roughly one out of every six formal written sentences \u2014 making them one of the highest-frequency complex structures in professional English. Reading English business articles and news daily is the fastest way to build the pattern recognition that replaces conscious rule-checking.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/esl-classroom-teacher-students.jpg\" alt=\"ESL classroom teacher and students \u2014 English grammar practice\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><br \/><em style=\"font-size:0.9em;color:#666;\">Classroom grammar practice builds the foundation; real-world reading and writing makes it automatic.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>8 Practice Sentences [8\u53e5\u7df4\u7fd2\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u6e2c\u9a57]<\/h2>\n<p>Choose the correct relative pronoun. Answers follow.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The app __ I use for vocabulary practice was developed in Taiwan.<\/li>\n<li>My English teacher, __ has lived in Taipei for 15 years, speaks perfect Mandarin.<\/li>\n<li>Taipei 101, __ was completed in 2004, is visible from across the city on clear days.<\/li>\n<li>The company __ products I buy most often is headquartered in Hsinchu.<\/li>\n<li>I still remember the summer __ I first studied abroad.<\/li>\n<li>The colleague __ finished the report first received an early weekend.<\/li>\n<li>The caf\u00e9 __ we had our first meeting closed last month.<\/li>\n<li>The contract, __ was signed last Tuesday, takes effect immediately.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Answers:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>that<\/em> (or <em>which<\/em>) \u2014 restrictive clause, thing<\/li>\n<li><em>who<\/em> \u2014 non-restrictive clause, person (commas required)<\/li>\n<li><em>which<\/em> \u2014 non-restrictive clause, thing (commas required)<\/li>\n<li><em>whose<\/em> \u2014 possession<\/li>\n<li><em>when<\/em> \u2014 time noun<\/li>\n<li><em>who<\/em> \u2014 subject position, person<\/li>\n<li><em>where<\/em> \u2014 place noun<\/li>\n<li><em>which<\/em> \u2014 non-restrictive clause, thing (comma before clause)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The most effective way to internalize relative clauses is to notice them in English you already read \u2014 news articles, work emails, TOEIC practice passages. Start marking every relative clause you find. Within two weeks, the pronouns and commas will start placing themselves correctly without conscious effort. For more grammar that directly improves your TOEIC score, read our guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/gerunds-vs-infinitives-taiwan-2026\/\">Gerunds vs. Infinitives: 7 Rules Taiwan Learners Must Know<\/a>. And if you want to build the connected, fluent sentences that high-scoring writers produce, our <a href=\"https:\/\/18kenglish.com\/most-common-phrasal-verbs-particle-guide\/\">50 Most Common Phrasal Verbs Guide<\/a> is the natural next step.<\/p>\n<h2>Sources [\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599]<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/learnenglish.britishcouncil.org\/grammar\/english-grammar-reference\/relative-clauses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British Council \u2014 Relative Clauses Grammar Reference<\/a> \u2014 Comprehensive guide to defining and non-defining relative clauses with practice exercises.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/learningenglish\/english\/course\/intermediate\/unit-24\/tab\/grammar-reference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BBC Learning English \u2014 Relative Clauses Unit<\/a> \u2014 Intermediate-level breakdown with listening and grammar practice.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia \u2014 Taiwan High Speed Rail<\/a> \u2014 Factual source for the Taiwan HSR example used in the article.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ets.org\/toeic\/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ETS \u2014 About TOEIC<\/a> \u2014 Official reference for TOEIC test format and Reading section structure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quick Answer: English relative clauses join two ideas into one sentence using relative pronouns \u2014 who, which, that,&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8584,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","rank_math_title":"English Relative Clauses: Who, Which & That | \u82f1\u6587\u95dc\u4fc2\u5b50\u53e5\u6307\u5357","rank_math_description":"Master English relative clauses with clear rules and Taiwan-focused examples. Learn who, which, that, whose, where \u2014 the grammar that makes sentences flow.","rank_math_focus_keyword":"English relative clauses","rank_math_canonical_url":"","rank_math_pillar_content":"on","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[161,90,1223,1998,2145,1573,560,1243,2468,248,876,2465,2467,2466],"class_list":["post-8592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-article-posts","tag-english-grammar","tag-english-learning","tag-esl-grammar","tag-grammar-rules","tag-relative-clauses","tag-relative-pronouns","tag-taiwan-english","tag-toeic-grammar","tag-english-sentence-patterns-zh","tag-248","tag-876","tag-2465","tag-relative-pronouns-zh","tag-relative-clauses-zh"],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":23,"label":"Articles"}],"post_tag":[{"value":161,"label":"English grammar"},{"value":90,"label":"English learning"},{"value":1223,"label":"ESL grammar"},{"value":1998,"label":"grammar rules"},{"value":2145,"label":"relative 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